Category: Leaders
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Glossary Color-blind
Of a person or animal, unable to distinguish between two or more primary colors (usually red and green).Index
Chapter 16 – Preparing Sensory Enhancements
UntitledYou hire people just because they can do a job, they’ll work for your money. But if you hire people who believe what you believe, they’ll work for you with blood and sweat and tears.” – Simon Sinek
Market conditions are rarely optimal, competition is rarely incompetent, funding is rarely sufficient, but that is why business owners have so much impact.
There are entrepreneurs and then there are true entrepreneurs.
Someone who picks up new concepts quickly, adapts to changing environments and new technologies, has the beginning requirements to be a successful business owner. In order to make light of those skills one must have vision and intuition as well, but more importantly a deep understanding of the customer by way of observation, interaction, and ceaseless testing (Figure 16.3).
Failure Is Part of the Picture
One piece of advice a true entrepreneur follows is to take the delay of gratitude test. In this test, the true entrepreneur knows that the longer he or she delays the great feeling of reaping the rewards, the bigger the rewards will ultimately be. Failure and sacrifice are not really words an entrepreneur wants to hear, but these are just the words that a true entrepreneur knows to be true in the quest for success.
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The Drive of an Entrepreneur
Successful entrepreneurs have a unique set of personal characteristics, but most importantly, they accept the fact that they may fail before they succeed.
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Quotes Applicable to Entrepreneurship
The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man. —George Bernard Shaw
Develop success from failures. Discouragement and failure are two of the surest stepping stones to success. No other element can do so much for a man if he is willing to study them and make capital out of them. —Dale Carnegie
As competition intensifies, the need for creative thinking increases. It is no longer enough to do the same thing better… no longer enough to be efficient and solve problems. Far more is needed. Now business has to keep up with changes… And that requires creativity. That means creativity both at a strategic level and also on the front line, to accompany the shift that competitive business demands… from administration to true entrepreneurship. —Edward de Bono
Key Characteristics of Entrepreneurs
An entrepreneur is someone who works 18 hours a day so that he or she don’t have to get a job. Entrepreneurs must be willing to accept risk and failure. The key is that when you fail, you must fail quickly and inexpensively. Test, analyze, figure out why you failed, evolve, and iterate (Figure 16.4).
Entrepreneurs often possess immense focus and energy. Entrepreneurship requires extensive mental strength and determination, because as opposed to traditional occupations, there is no right or wrong path to achievement. Competition is intense and innovation is required to face the challenges and adversity that result from starting your own business.
In this chapter, we will explore what factors and characteristics are commonly found in an entrepreneurial mindset. We suggest you meet as many entrepreneurs as you can to see if this is how you want to spend your life.
The following attributes are helpful for an entrepreneur to possess:
- Vision: The entrepreneur must be able to create and communicate an easily understandable mission for what the new venture does in order to successfully launch a new business. This is accomplished while inspiring others to join you in your new enterprise.
- Creativity: The entrepreneur must be able to inject imagination and uniqueness into a new business venture. It ¨C9Ctakes skill and ingenuity to create a new venture equipped with strategies to outsmart the competition.
- Focus: The entrepreneur must be able to maintain the vision of the company with unwavering diligence. It’s very easy to get sidetracked especially if you find it necessary to evolve the original vision. Ironically, we have encountered many successful entrepreneurs who get bored easily.
- Passion: Entrepreneurs must have a desire to succeed under their own steam [initiative] on a business venture.
- Drive: The entrepreneur must possess intrinsic energy to accomplish the business goal even in the face of adversity.
- Perseverance: The entrepreneur must be able to keep going even when faced with seemingly insurmountable obstacles.
- Opportunistic nature: The entrepreneur must see the possibilities even before they exist. The entrepreneur must take advantage of an upcoming trend or unite unrelated processes to create a unique business venture.
- Problem solving ability: The entrepreneur must thrive on coming up with solutions to complex challenges.
- Self-discipline: The entrepreneur must be able to be organized and regimented in pursuit of a successful business venture.
- Frugality: The entrepreneur must know how to stretch every cent so that expenditures are as low as possible.
- Empathy: Entrepreneurs must be able to put themselves in another person’s shoes. They must therefore be able to show sensitivity and understanding of what others are communicating in the startup environment.
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¨C11CThe Demographics of Entrepreneurs
Most successful entrepreneurs share a number of characteristics, including creativity, determination, passion, and “smarts”.
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There are entrepreneurs in all demographics and walks of life. What makes someone an entrepreneur who can become an entrepreneur? There is no one definitive profile. Successful entrepreneurs come in various ages, income levels, gender, and race. They differ in education and experience. But research indicates that most successful entrepreneurs share certain personal attributes, including: creativity, dedication, determination, flexibility, leadership, passion, self-confidence, and “smarts†(Figure 16.5).
- Creativity is the spark that drives the development of new products or services, or ways to do business. It is the push for innovation and improvement. It is continuous learning, questioning, and thinking outside of prescribed formulas.
- Dedication is what motivates the entrepreneur to work hard, 12 hours a day or more, even seven days a week, especially in the beginning, to get the endeavor off the ground. Planning ¨C12Cand ideas must be joined by hard work to succeed. Dedication makes it happen.
- Determination is the extremely strong desire to achieve success. It includes persistence and the ability to bounce back after rough times. It persuades the entrepreneur to make the 10th phone call, after nine have yielded nothing. For the true entrepreneur, money is not the motivation. Success is the motivator; money is the reward.
- Flexibility is the ability to move quickly in response to changing market needs. It is being true to a dream, while also being mindful of market realities. A story is told about an entrepreneur who started a fancy shop selling only French pastries. But customers wanted to buy muffins as well. Rather than risking the loss of these customers, the entrepreneur modified her vision to accommodate these needs.
- Leadership is the ability to create rules and to set goals. It is the capacity to follow through to see that rules are followed and goals are accomplished.
- Passion is what gets entrepreneurs started and keeps them there. It gives entrepreneurs the ability to convince others to believe in their vision. It can’t substitute for planning, but it will help them to stay focused and to get others to look at their plans.
- Self-confidence comes from thorough planning, which reduces uncertainty and the level of risk. It also comes from expertise. Self-confidence gives the entrepreneur the ability to listen without being easily swayed or intimidated.
- “Smarts†is an American term that describes common sense joined with knowledge or experience in a related business or endeavor. The former gives a person good instincts, the latter, expertise. Many people have smarts they don’t recognize. A person who successfully keeps a household on a budget has organizational and financial skills. Employment, education, and life experiences all contribute to smarts.
Every entrepreneur has these qualities in different degrees. But what if a person lacks one or more? Many skills can be learned. Or, someone can be hired who has strengths that the entrepreneur lacks. The most important strategy is to be aware of strengths and to build on them.
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Trends in Business Owners: Age and Gender
Developments in technology and the growth of the venture capital sector have contributed to rising rates of younger and female entrepreneurs.
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Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurs are catalysts for economic change. Researchers suggest that entrepreneurs are highly creative individuals with a tendency to imagine new solutions by finding opportunities for ¨C15Cprofit or reward. The ability of entrepreneurs to innovate is thought to relate to innate traits such as extroversion and a proclivity for risk-taking.
There are entrepreneurs in all demographics and walks of life. There have never been lower barriers to entry when starting a new company. Thanks to developments in technology, there is less capital required than ever before to start a business. Moreover, advancements in engineering have allowed people to build software and Internet businesses from scratch with very little startup costs.
The venture capital sector has risen from nothing 40 years ago to investing billions in new businesses today. Technology has allowed for business to be scalable over a variety of countries and continents. Previously, scaling a new business would have taken extensive time, focus, and capital. Now, there is infrastructure in place, such as the Internet, FedEx and UPS, and smartphones, which allow entrepreneurs to build a business that can be replicated in different cities globally.
All of these factors contribute to the trend of younger and younger business owners. The tendency of young people to take risks, coupled with the relative ease of starting a business in today’s environment, has driven down the average age of entrepreneurs. Organizations have even risen to service the ever-younger sector entrepreneurs. The Young Entrepreneur Council (YEC) is an American non-profit organization that provides entrepreneurs with access to tools, mentorship, and resources that support each stage of their business’s development and growth. The YEC also promotes entrepreneurship as a solution to unemployment and underemployment. The organization has several hundred members, all successful young entrepreneurs and business owners, ages 17 to 40—a group that includes the founders and leaders of LivingSocial, Airbnb, Reddit, College Hunks Hauling Junk, Mint.com, myYearbook, Thrillist, Yodle, Threadless, ModCloth, Grasshopper, Likeable, HootSuite, and Blip.tv.
Trends and Statistics for Women in Business
There are exciting things happening inside the world of female entrepreneurship. Women are now a dominant force in small business ownership, and succeeding in industries that were once taboo for women (Figure 16.6). Women are not only starting businesses, they are staying in business. Between 1997 and 2006, female-owned businesses ¨C16Cgrew at nearly twice the rate of all U.S. firms (42.3 percent vs. 23.3 percent). During this same time period, employment among female-owned firms grew 0.4 percent, and annual sales grew 4.4 percent. In 2006, reports on women-owned (or majority owned by women) businesses in the United States returned the following impressive statistics:
- There were an estimated 10.4 million privately-held firms;
- These firms accounted for two in five (40.2 percent) of all businesses in the country;
- These firms generated $1.9 trillion in annual sales and employed 12.8 million people nationwide.
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Apa ONE PT
META TAG (title): UntitledIntroductionThe introduction of your speech establishes your speech’s purpose, previews your key points and tells your audience why they should listen. Your Introduction: Set the Tone for Your Speech”Begin at the beginning.” While this might be a line from the fantastical world of Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland, it’s an excellent piece of advice when thinking about the introduction to your speech (Figure 3.1 ). The introduction is the first part of your speech that will ultimately set the tone for the rest of your speech.With the introduction, you have the power to capture your audience’s attention and interest while simultaneously giving them an understanding of what they’re about to hear for the next five, ten or even sixty minutes. An introduction can make or break a speech, because if you can’t capture your audience’s attention right at the beginning, how will they possibly remain interested for the duration of your speech?Capture Your Audience’s AttentionWhen crafting your speech, you’ll want to select an attention-getter to use in your introduction to instantly capture your audience’s attention right from the beginning of your speech (Figure 3.2 ).
There are a variety of attention-getting techniques you can use, including humor, sharing an anecdote or quotation, or referencing historical or current events.Using references is a simple and effective way to grab your audience’s attention. You may make reference to the event at which you’re speaking or share a personal reference to the topic about which you’re speaking. It’s important to remember that you want to select an attention-getter that is appropriate to your topic, your audience and the venue or occasion at which you are speaking.State Your PurposeWhen beginning your speech and as you capture your audience’s attention, you’ll want to express exactly why they should listen to you.
You may be giving a speech arguing a certain point. You might be giving an informational speech about a specific topic. Your speech could even be spoken at a special event such as an awards banquet, wedding or political event. Regardless of the context of your speech, it is important to establish the purpose of your speech to your audience so your audience knows why they should listen to you.Your introduction is not just an introduction of about what you plan to speak, but an introduction of who you are and why you are the appropriate individual to speak about your subject. In some speeches, you may be preceded by someone who will introduce you to your audience. If not, it’s important to establish your credibility and authority as the speech-giver to your audience.Outline Your AgendaIt is helpful for your audience to know about what you plan to speak. Use your introduction as an opportunity to share your train of thought with your audience. You don’t have to break your speech organization down into minute detail; that’s what the body of your speech will accomplish. Give your audience an overview of your main points so they have an idea of what to expect as your continue with your speech.Writing Your IntroductionAs counterintuitive as this may seem, you actually want to write your introduction last. Since the introduction is often used as an outline for the key points of your speech, it’s helpful to have written the entire speech to be able to distill your speech into its major points and arguments.
Once you have your entire speech written minus your introduction, it’s much easier to see just which points emerge as your major points.You’ll also want to make sure that you write your introduction word for word. While extemporaneous speeches don’t give you this kind of freedom, writing your introduction verbatim, or word for word, is vital for any prepared remarks. By writing it down word for word, you can quickly see if you’ve left out any of your major points as you set up your speech outline. You can also see if you have the right attention-getter suitable to your topic, audience and venue. Finally, since your introduction sets the tone for the rest of your speech, preparing it word for word allows you to begin your speech with confidence.Source: https://www.boundless.com/communications/preparing-a-speech-a-process-outline/components-of-a-speech/introduction–12/CC-BY-SABoundless is an openly licensed educational resource BodyThe body of your speech is the point at which you go into full detail about each of your main points. The body is where you tell your story. Your Speech Body: Deliver Your Main PointsOnce you’ve captured the attention of your audience with an smashing introduction, it’s time to move into the meat-and-potatoes of your speech: the body. The body should take up about three-quarters of your entire speech time, since this is where you will go into detail about your main points (Figure 3.3 ).Establish Your PurposeTypically, there are three general reasons why you might be giving a speech: to entertain, to inform, or to argue a point. Each of these purposes requires a slightly different approach in order to successfully communicate its objectives to an audience.
Once you’ve established your purpose, you can formulate a strategy for achieving that purpose with your main points. To illustrate each main point, you will need to use a series of examples.Determine Your Main PointsOnce you have your purpose established, it’s time to decide what main points you will use to achieve that purpose. You’ll want to start by brainstorming a list of all possible main points to support your purpose. Once you’ve completed this list, begin to assign them weights and priorities. Consider which points more effectively communicate your purpose than others. You may want to nest some points under others, thereby creating a natural hierarchy of main points and sub-points.Equally important is determining exactly what does not belong in your speech or is irrelevant to your subject. Ultimately, you’ll want to boil down your main points to no more than three or four points. While this may seem minimalistic, know that your audience will only be able to remember so much, and you don’t want to overwhelm them with too much information.
Three or four main points allow you to develop complete arguments in order to support your purpose, while still enabling your audience to follow your logic.Decide How You Will Tell Your StoryYou’ll want to have compelling evidence to support each main point of your speech. This evidence can be in the form of researched data, facts and figures, or even personal anecdotes and references. You may cite quotations and historical or current events to further bolster your arguments. Depending on your subject, audience and venue, humor may also be appropriate to weave throughout your speech.If the purpose of your speech is to inform, you will rely heavily on data, statistics and research to illustrate your points. You may even use an accompanying presentation, video, chart, or images to help support your purpose.If the purpose of your speech is to argue, you may find yourself using a combination of research and anecdotes to get your points across. You may also use accompanying media to illustrate your points; however, your data should be tailored to best argue your particular case. This is not to say that you should manipulate your data; rather, present only the information that your audience needs to see and hear to support whatever argument you are trying to make.If the purpose of your speech is to entertain, you’ll rely more heavily on anecdotes than on hard research to get your points across. Humor is more than appropriate in this situation, but use it in moderation: you don’t want to jeopardize your credibility in front of your audience.
No matter the purpose or order of your main points, it’s important that you remember to stick to the outline of your speech. If you begin to wander off topic by sharing too many anecdotes, or presenting extraneous data, your audience may not be able to keep up and you will quickly begin to lose their interest.Writing the BodyOnce you’ve brainstormed and refined the main points of your speech, you can begin to write the body of your speech. The easiest strategy is to create an outline of your main points and list the supporting evidence you’ll provide for each main point. Depending on how comfortable you are with memorization, this may be all you need when you get up in front of your audience.Many professional speakers do not rely on anything other than a brief outline of their speech, either memorizing what they plan to say in advance or simply speaking extemporaneously with only a basic guide. If this is one of your first speeches, and the situation allows, you may want to write your complete body word for word.Source: https://www.boundless.com/communications/preparing-a-speech-a-process-outline/components-of-a-speech/body/CC-BY-SABoundless is an openly licensed educational resource ConclusionThe conclusion of your speech summarizes your purpose and main points while leaving a lasting impression with your audience. Your Conclusion: Leave a Lasting ImpressionIf your body is the meat and potatoes of your speech, then the conclusion is the icing on the cake (Figure 3.4 ). Your conclusion is delivered at the end of the speech and is often what most people remember immediately after your speech has ended. As important as your introduction is for grabbing the audience’s attention, the conclusion is doubly important as it leaves the audience with a lasting impression. Summarize Your Main PointsThe purpose of the conclusion is to summarize your main points and to prepare the audience for the end of your speech. You’ll want to recapture the essence of your speech: your main points and the purpose of why you spoke. It is especially important to remember that the conclusion of your speech is not the time to introduce new points or new supporting evidence; doing so will only confuse the audience. Try to think of your conclusion like tying a bow or a ribbon: it’s the final touch that makes your project stand out.Paraphrasing Versus RepeatingWhile summarizing your main points is important, be wary of simply repeating your main points word for word.
You’ll want to paraphrase your main points rather than directly repeat them from your speech’s body. Paraphrasing allows you to capture the essence of your speech, unlike rote repetition of identical sentences you may have spoken just minutes earlier.End on a High NoteYour conclusion is the last thing your audience hears from you. Just as an introduction can make or break a speech, you always want to end your speech on a high note with something memorable. The conclusion is where you’ll insert your take-away message: what do you want the audience to remember after you’ve finished speaking? What do you want them to recall in the days or weeks after your speech?To create a memorable ending, you may want to share a quotation or anecdote. It’s important to remain relatable and credible to the audience up until your final word, so be sure to craft your conclusion in a way that is still appropriate to the topic, audience, and venue.Writing Your ConclusionLike the introduction, you’ll want to write your conclusion last. The introduction and conclusion of your speech serve as bookends to your speech’s body, so it only makes sense that you’ll want to craft them after you’ve written your body.Review your speech’s body and ensure that you’ve touched upon all the main points you wish to discuss, then rephrase those main points in your conclusion. Determine the take-home message that you want to leave with your audience and either include it word for word in your conclusion or use it as a guiding theme for how you’ll end your speech. If you have any final anecdotes or quotations to share that either drive home a particular point or capture the theme of your speech, include it here.While there is no set time or sentence limit for your conclusion, make sure you don’t finish your speech so suddenly that your audience is caught off guard when the speech ends.
Using trigger phrases such as “in conclusion” or “in summary” signify to your audience that the speech is about to end and that they should pay special attention to your final thoughts.Source: https://www.boundless.com/communications/preparing-a-speech-a-process-outline/components-of-a-speech/conclusion/CC-BY-SABoundless is an openly licensed educational resource TransitionsTransitions allow your speech to flow smoothly from one section or point to another. As you craft your speech, you will need to transition from one point to the next to fully articulate your purpose or objectives (Figure 3.5 ). When read aloud, your speech should flow smoothly from introduction to body, from main point to main point and then finally into your conclusion. Transitions are essential in order to help your audience follow along your line of reasoning.Types of TransitionsThere are different types of transitions often used in speeches, including:
• Temporal- using words like before and after• Equality-highlighting points of equal importance like in addition or moreover• Causality- using words that show cause and effect• Compare and Contrast- using words and phrases that compare one part of the speech to the next, like contrarily or on the other hand• Introductions and summaries are also types of transitions to let listeners know what a person will be speaking about and offering a way to understand the important parts of a speechThe Art of the SegueTo move from one point and into the next, you’ll want to segue into your new point. Sometimes your points may share similar themes or concepts – order your points in such a way as to capitalize on those similarities. You can also use opposition to present opposing main points. If you have multiple pieces of supporting evidence, you may need to transition between examples so that your audience knows you are furthering a point with another example, anecdote or set of researched data.However you decide to transition, you’ll want to use triggering keywords that let your audience know you’re moving on to a new point. Ordinal words like “next,” “second and “third” give your audience the heads up that you’re about to proceed in a new or continued direction of thought.Writing TransitionsAfter you have identified your main points and outlined what evidence you’ll use to support them, begin to prioritize and sort your main points so they follow in the most logical order. From there, you’ll be able to pinpoint how you’ll want to transition your speech from one point to the next. Try to think of transitions as a way to connect the dots of your speech’s purpose.META TAG (title): KEY POINTS
• Figure 3.1 Your introduction should immediately capture your audience’s attention and interest.• Introduce yourself and who you are in your introduction to establish your credibility and authority to be speaking on your given subject.• Your introduction should give your audience a preview of what they can expect to hear for the duration of your speech.• When preparing your speech, it’s actually easier to write your introduction last, after you have written the rest of your speech.META TAG (title): KEY POINTS
• Organize your thoughts into a cohesive, logical flow of ideas.• Each main point of your speech should support your speech’s purpose.• Use a variety of examples to illustrate the main points of your speech, from research, facts and figures, to personal anecdotes and references.• Don’t be afraid to let your personality come through; know your audience and tailor your approach accordingly. The body of your speech should be creative and engaging.• Don’t stray too far from your outline; you will quickly lose your audience’s interest if you begin wandering off topic into points or anecdotes that don’t support your speech’s purpose or objective. You don’t want to appear disorganized or sound overly verbose.META TAG (title): KEY POINTS
• Use your conclusion as an opportunity to summarize the main points of your speech.• Don’t repeat your main points word for word; rather, paraphrase the key themes and arguments you have just presented.• Consider ending your speech with an additional anecdote or quotation that captures the theme of your speech.• Don’t introduce any new points or supportive evidence into your conclusion as it will confuse your audience.• Use trigger phrases such as “in conclusion” or “in summary” to prepare your audience for the end of your speech.• Write your conclusion at the same time as the introduction (after you write the body) so that the introduction and conclusion complement one another.META TAG (title): KEY POINTS
• Transitions are used to show the linkage or connection between main points.• Types of transitions include temporal, equality, causality, compare and contrast, and summary.• After you determine the main points of your speech, order them logically and then determine how you will transition from one point to the next.META TAG (title): META TAG (title): IntroductionBodyConclusionTransitionsMETA TAG (title): Section 1META TAG (title): Components of a SpeechMETA TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): IntroductionBodyConclusionTransitionsMETA TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): Section 1Components of a SpeechMETA TAG (title): 58META TAG (title): https://www.boundless.com/communications/preparing-a-speech-a-process-outline/components-of-a-speech/ META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 59META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): Your introduction should immediately capture your audience’s attention and interest.META TAG (title): Figure 3.1 .President William Howard Taft introducing the Springfield Municipal Group in Springfield, Massachusetts.META TAG (title): META TAG (title): Your introduction will set the tone for the rest of your speech.META TAG (title): Figure 3.2 Aziza Brahim & Memona Mohamed during a press conference presentation of the movie “Wilaya”, at the 10th Human Rights film festival in San Sebastian, Spain.META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 60META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 61META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 62META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): Commander Naval Reserve Force Vice Adm. John G. Cotton is silhouetted in front of a Powerpoint slide, mapping out the Naval Reserve Force’s future. Cotton spoke with hundreds of reservists at Naval Station North Island’s theater during an All-Hands call, and outlined the Chief of Naval Operations’ (CNO) “One Navy” view on what lies ahead for the 88,000 Naval Reserve Force Sailors. U.S. Navy photo by Journalist 1st Class Greg Cleghorne.META TAG (title): Figure 3.3 Use the body of your speech to go into detail about your main points.META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 63META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 64META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 65META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): Conclusion of a Presentation at Wiki Conference India.META TAG (title): Figure 3.4 The conclusion of your speech summarizes your main points and purpose while leaving a lasting impression on your audience.META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 66META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 67META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): Your speech should flow logically and smoothly from one point to the next.META TAG (title): Figure 3.5 A public speaker.META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 68META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title):
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Plagiarism When Using The Internet
META TAG (title): UntitledWhat is Plagiarism?Plagiarism involves the taking of someone else’s words or ideas and trying to attribute them as your own. When most students think of plagiarism, they may think of outright copying another’s works (Figure 2.5 ). However, plagiarism can delve into some murky territory that includes everything from wrongful appropriation to blatant thievery. While plagiarism may not be a crime per se, in many academic and professional contexts, plagiarism carries with it serious risks, including expulsion and/or termination from a position, organization, or company.In its simplest form, plagiarism occurs when someone takes the words or ideas of someone else and attempts to present them as their own. Presenting someone else’s work as your own is what distinguishes plagiarism from mere citation or quotation. When you quote or cite someone or something, you give credit to where the quote or idea originates.The “ideas” part of plagiarism can be especially tricky. Who’s not to say that two completely different people could have had the exact same idea at the exact same moment? Inevitably, one person would be named a copycat. And while this does happen, the instances are few and far between.We’ll say it right now: deliberate plagiarism should be avoided at every moment in your academic and professional career.
To knowingly take the work of others and attribute it as your own is quite simply unethical, unprofessional, and just plain wrong. If you think you can get away with it, think again: many academic and professional services can detect if sections or portions of your work are found elsewhere, particularly on the internet. Additionally, if you have developed a unique writing style and author’s voice, it can become very obvious when you cut and paste a completely different author’s style and tone into the middle of your work.That said, unintended plagiarism is more common than you might think.Sometimes the problem stems from working too closely with source material. If you find that your phrasing or speech structure begins to mirror too much of your source research, consider writing with the aid of notes, as opposed to whole sources such as books, articles, or web pages.
You might find it’s easier to craft original compositions of your own by working off of your own notes and paraphrasing. It can be tempting to grab a line or two when you’re crunched for time, but avoid the temptation. Is expulsion or termination worth the ten minutes of corner cutting?Source: https://www.boundless.com/communications/public-speaking-ethics/plagiarism/what-is-plagiarism/CC-BY-SABoundless is an openly licensed educational resource Avoiding Plagiarism When Using the InternetIn the age of the Internet and social media, it can be both very easy and very tempting to plagiarize. In short: don’t. In Haste?
Don’t Copy and Paste. When pressed for time with a looming deadline, you might think a quick copy and paste of a few sentences here or maybe a paragraph there might be an easy solution. While it certainly is easy to Control+C, Control+V your way through a speech, it’s certainly not wise.It might be tempting to fire up your browser and pick a relevant source buried deep within the search results. “Who looks all the way at what’s on search page 10?” you may be thinking. Just because it’s obscure doesn’t mean it’s okay to take it and claim it as your own.If you get caught, you could face serious academic or professional consequences. Plus—on a very plain note—it’s just not cool.
It’s just bad intellectual form. In the age of the Internet, as easy as it can be to just lift something from a relevant but obscure source via Google, it’s equally as easy to get caught plagiarizing the words of others (Figure 2.6 ).Yes. Yes, You Will Get Caught.With the advent of complex, proprietary search engine algorithms has come another niche market: plagiarism detection. If you think you can get away with just borrowing a sentence here or there, beware: sites like CopyScape and Plagiarism.org’s software can be used by academics and professionals alike, running your work through their programs to see if anything comes up with a red flag.And if you think you can fool plagiarism detection software, don’t count out manual checking, either. You might pull a sentence or idea from an obscure professional or expert in the field, but keep in mind that your professor is an expert in this field; he or she is likely to have read whatever you’re copying.When in doubt, avoid the temptation to plagiarize despite the seemingly endless availability of content online. Your speech is better served when your words are original and genuine.Source: https://www.boundless.com/communications/public-speaking-ethics/plagiarism/avoiding-plagiarism-when-using-the-internet/CC-BY-SABoundless is an openly licensed educational resourceMETA TAG (title): KEY POINTS
• Word to the wise: just don’t plagiarize. Seriously. Don’t do it.• Intentional plagiarism isn’t as easy to get away with as you think: institutions and companies have ways of detecting whether or not you’ve plagiarized your work, and it can have serious academic and professional repercussions if you are caught.• If you find yourself tempted to nab a couple of lines from one of your research sources, put the full source away. Instead, rely on your own notes and paraphrasing to lessen the temptation to outright copy the work of another.META TAG (title): KEY POINTS
• Just because you can copy and paste a few sentences or paragraphs from an obscure Internet source doesn’t mean you should.• Many academic institutions and even some professional organizations use online plagiarism detection software, such as CopyScape, Attributor and PlagiarismDetect.• Just because you might thwart an online plagiarism detector doesn’t mean you don’t run the risk of being caught via manual plagiarism detection, either.• When in doubt, avoid the temptation to plagiarize despite the seemingly endless availability of content online. Your speech is better served when your words are original and genuine.META TAG (title): META TAG (title): What is Plagiarism?Avoiding Plagiarism When Using the Internet META TAG (title): Section 2META TAG (title): PlagiarismMETA TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): What is Plagiarism?Avoiding Plagiarism When Using the Internet META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): Section 2PlagiarismMETA TAG (title): 53META TAG (title): https://www.boundless.com/communications/public-speaking-ethics/plagiarism/ META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 54META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): Plagiarism is stealing, plain and simple.META TAG (title): Figure 2.5 PlagiarismMETA TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 55META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 56META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): As tempting as it might be to plagiarize with the vastness of available sources on the internet – don’t do it.META TAG (title): Figure 2.6 Avoiding Plagiarism on the InternetMETA TAG (title):
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Apa ONE
META TAG (title): UntitledSpeakerThe speaker is one of the key elements of the basic speech communication model. Elements of Speech Communication: The SpeakerThe communication cycle offers a model for communication. In its simplest form, the cycle consists of a sender, a message, and a recipient (Figure 1.7 ). Other models include the channel, which is the vehicle in which your message travels.
For the purposes of speech communication, the speaker is you!The speaker is perhaps the second most important factor in the speech communication model, second only to the message (your speech) itself. Let’s take a step back and look at a very specific definition of the message speaker, or sender:A sender is someone who encodes and sends a message to a receiver through a particular channel.
The sender is the initiator of communication.When you think about how you craft your speech, you’re actually encoding your message. This doesn’t mean that your speech is laced with cryptic clues for your audience to determine the meaning and purpose, rather, it gives you a way to think about your speech in a new light. Your message’s recipient, the audience, will have to decode your message. With their brainpower, experience and intellect, they need to make sense of the very message you’re trying to deliver. This is why it’s so valuable to understand the importance of your role as speaker, as the initiator of communication in the delivery of your message.
When you are able to successfully communicate your message, that is, when the audience can decode your message, then you have become a successful communicator.Source: https://www.boundless.com/communications/introduction-to-public-speaking/elements-of-speech-communication/speaker/CC-BY-SABoundless is an openly licensed educational resource MessageThe message is the most important and instrinsic element of all speech communication models. Elements of Speech Communication: The MessageNo matter which model of communication you study, every model includes the most important element of all: the message (Figure 1.8 ). You can’t have communication without a message. The word “message” actually comes from the Latin mittere, “to send.” The message is fundamental to communication.With regard to public speaking and speech communication, your speech is your message.
But you may have other intentions for your speech as well: the message behind the message. Perhaps you have a singular goal, point or emotion you want your audience to feel and understand. Every single word that you use to craft your speech then, works to achieve that singular goal, point or emotion.As the sender, the speech writer and speech giver, you may also be getting messages back from your receivers: your audience. This is what’s known as feedback, when the receiver sends a message of response back to the sender. In this way, messaging becomes a dynamic conversation of feedback as the sender sends his or her message to his or her audience, receives feedback from the audience, and then adjusts the message accordingly based on said feedback.Messages can be sent both verbally and non-verbally.
You can say one thing with your words, but depending on how you say it and the non-verbal cues such as posture and eye contact, you may send an entirely different message to your audience. That said, it’s important to consider all aspects of your overall message, from verbal to non-verbal to the meaning and message behind the message, when crafting your speech.Source: https://www.boundless.com/communications/introduction-to-public-speaking/elements-of-speech-communication/message/CC-BY-SABoundless is an openly licensed educational resource ChannelThe channel is the method (auditory and visual) that is used to transmit the message to the receiver. Elements of Speech Communication: The ChannelA simple speech communication model includes a sender (that is, a speaker), a message, a receiver (that is, an audience), and a channel. Claude Shannon, who developed one of the earlier communication models, defined the channel as the medium used to transmit the signal from the transmitter to the receiver (Figure 1.9 ). In a face-to-face, in-person speaking situation, the channel will be primarily audio using sound and visual using light waves; in a speaking situation with a remote audience via videoconferencing, the channel will be computer mediated audio and visual.Face-to-Face, Co-Located Audience Channel.
When speaking to an audience in person, a speaker uses both verbal and non-verbal methods to communicate the message. The sounds that a speaker makes are interpreted as words. The sounds are transmitted through an audio (or auditory) channel as sound waves and are received by the listeners in the audience. Speakers also use their hands to make gestures, change their facial expressions, and project images or words on a screen. These cues are received by the listeners through the visual part of the channel: their sense of sight. When the speaker and the audience are in the same room at the same time, the channels of communication are synchronous, in real time. Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) ChannelSpeakers also use communication channels that are mediated, meaning there is something between the speaker and the receivers (Figure 1.10 ). In some cases, the auditory and visual signal is mediated by a computer to convert what the speaker says and does into a digital signal that is transmitted to remote audiences. Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) is able to overcome physical and social limitations of other forms of communication, and therefore allow the interaction of people who are not physically sharing the same space.
Computer mediated digital channels may be synchronous, when remote audiences are listening to the speech via computer conferencing or streaming audio and video at the same time the speech is being delivered. The channel might also be asynchronous, when audiences listen to the speech at some time after the speech was delivered, perhaps via a website like youtube.com or vimeo.com. The message delivered through CMC channels could be only audio, but is likely to involve both audio and video, which uses the auditory and visual senses of the humans to decode the digital signals and process the message.Source: https://www.boundless.com/communications/introduction-to-public-speaking/elements-of-speech-communication/channel/CC-BY-SABoundless is an openly licensed educational resource AudienceYour audience represents one very important third in the basic model of communication. Elements of Speech Communication: The AudienceAt its simplest, communication consists of a speaker, a message, and a receiver. Following this model, your speech represents the message.
Naturally, this makes you the speaker. To whom you speak then, represents the receiver: in this case, your audience. When looking at this most basic model of communication, your audience represents one-third of the communication equation, proving it is one of the three most important elements to consider as you craft your speech (Figure 1.11 ).Elements to Consider About Your AudienceYour audience may be represented by a variety of distinguishing characteristics and commonalities, often referred to as demographics. It is important to remember that you should not stereotype or make assumptions about your audience based on their demographics; however, you can use these elements to inform the language, context, and delivery of your speech.
The first question you should ask yourself, before you begin crafting your speech, is this: “Who is my audience?”As you begin to answer this question for yourself, here are some key elements to consider as you begin to outline and define your audience:
• Age: What age ranges will be in your audience? What is the age gap between you and your audience members? Age can inform what degree of historical and social context they bring to your speech as well as what knowledge base they have as a foundation for understanding information.• Culture/Race: While these are two separate demographics, one informs the other and vice versa. Race and culture can influence everything from colloquialisms to which hand gestures may or may not be appropriate as you deliver your speech.• Gender: Is your audience mostly women? Men? A mix of the two? It is important to consider your gender and your audience, as the gender dynamic between you and your audience can impact the ways in which your speech may be received.• Occupation/Education: Just as age, culture, race, and gender factor into your audience’s ability to relate to you as speaker, so may occupation and education. These elements also help to give you an understanding of just how much your audience already may or may not know about your given subject.• Values and Morals: While these may not be readily apparent, they can factor prominently into your ability to be likable to your audience.Particularly if you are dealing with controversial material, your audience may already be making judgments about you based on your values and morals as revealed in your speech and thus impacting the ways in which they receive your message.Source: https://www.boundless.com/communications/introduction-to-public-speaking/elements-of-speech-communication/audience/CC-BY-SABoundless is an openly licensed educational resource Feedback: Visual and Verbal CuesYour audience can provide you with immediate feedback; pay attention to the visual and verbal cues they give you in the moment. Elements of Speech Communication: FeedbackThe simplest model of communication relies on three distinct parts: sender, message and receiver. More complex models throw in a fourth element: the channel via which the message is sent. The most advanced communication models include a fifth element: feedback, that is, a return message sent from the receiver back to the sender (Figure 1.12 ). Feedback could be as formal as handing out a presentation evaluation following your speech or presentation. Typically though, you can gauge feedback as your speech is happening by paying very close attention to the visual and verbal cues your audience may be giving you while you speak.Verbal and Visual CuesVerbal and visual cues refer to those sounds and reactions you may hear and see made by your audience. If you tell a joke or a funny anecdote, you expect laughter as your feedback. One good way to tell if your joke bombed–no laughter.
And, as awkward as it can be in the moment, you get that instant feedback on how you may need to correct course and potentially deviate from your scripted approach in order to make that connection with your audience.Visual cues can also include making eye contact. As you scan the room, are people returning your gaze? If so, you have an engaged audience, attentively listening to your speech. If you see half-closed or closed eyes, try adjusting your tone and volume: you just might need to wake your audience up a little bit.And of course, depending on your speech topic, the lack of a smile or a chuckle doesn’t mean your audience is connecting to your words. Tears can indicate that your words have an incredibly powerful effect on your audience if you’re talking about a particularly moving or emotional subject.The key takeaway is to remember that this feedback loop of immediate audience reaction plays out in real time as you speak, so it’s up to you to be observant and think two to three steps ahead if you need to correct course based on your audience’s feedback.Source: https://www.boundless.com/communications/introduction-to-public-speaking/elements-of-speech-communication/feedback-visual-and-verbal-cues/CC-BY-SABoundless is an openly licensed educational resource Noise and InterferenceNoise and interference can block your audience’s ability to receive your message.
What Are Noise and Interference? Typically, you know it when you hear it. Noise may be jarring and unpleasant and is usually an interruption or distraction when it occurs (Figure 1.13 ). Noise and interference block the sending or receiving of a message. When it comes to public speaking, noise and interference can be a major issue for both you as message sending and for your audience as your message receivers. Quite simply, noise jams the signal you’re trying to send as you speak.Noise and interference can be both external or internal. It could be your microphone feeding back through a speaker, causing that ear-splitting high pitch squeal. You could be trying to talk over an auditorium full of chatty high schoolers. Or you could be giving a speech outdoors on a windy day and you’re barely able to shout over the sound of the wind.Internal noise and interference can be particularly challenging, since this often refers to the internal monologue you might be telling yourself before you get up on stage to speak: “I’m not good enough. I’m going to forget my speech. They’re going to boo me.” Often, internal noise and interference are the result of anxiety, nervousness, or stress.Whether internal or external, unless you’re giving your speech in a vacuum, noise is unavoidable. Noise exists at all levels of communication and thus, no message is received exactly as the sender intends (despite his or her best efforts) because of the ever-presence of noise in communication.Learning How to Tune It All OutWith regard to external noise, double check to see if there are any ways to boost your volume. You might need to physically project your voice a little more to be heard over a low din. You might even need to call attention to yourself so that your audience pays attention. And it’s okay to ask your audience before you speak: “Can you hear me in the back?”As for internal noise, fear is the enemy. If you’re nervous about speaking, take a few moments before presenting to inhale some nice, deep breaths for a count of four: in through the nose for four, blow it out through the mouth for four. Repeat this until you can feel your heart rate slow down a little and the butterflies in your stomach settle down. You can do this!Source: https://www.boundless.com/communications/introduction-to-public-speaking/elements-of-speech-communication/noise-and-interference/CC-BY-SABoundless is an openly licensed educational resource PresentationHow you deliver your speech presentation may be just as important as the speech itself. How you deliver your message may be just as important as the words you speak (Figure 1.14). There are a number of factors to consider when delivering your speech that can help or hinder your efforts to an effective overall presentation. AppearanceYou may have heard the phrase, “Dress to impress.”
This couldn’t be more true when getting up to deliver a speech. While some speech venues and settings might be more casual, chances are, you’ll want to be dressed in business attire. While fashion may change as quickly as the seasons, some basic tips regarding business professional or business formal attire hold true:For men: A suit is a good staple for any business professional wardrobe. When in doubt as to just how formal or professional, stick with button-down shirts and add the tie (as cumbersome as it might be). If you can swing a blazer or suit coat, do it. If not, the tie is a good business formal backup. Hair should be neat and faces clean-shaven.For women: What constitutes business casual versus business professional or formal is always changing, but a good rule of thumb is to keep your shoulders covered and skirts knee-length or longer. Dress and pant suits are usually acceptable as well as single-piece dresses. Avoid any plunging necklines. Keep the makeup to only what’s necessary and hair should be neat. If you’re comfortable in tall heels, go for it. Otherwise, choose a pair of shoes in which you are confident you can be sturdy when entering and exiting the stage as well as standing for the duration of your speech.Verbal Communication: Your Words and IdeasThe actual words that you say certainly influence your presentation.
Make sure that you rehearse often so that the words feel comfortable in your mouth as you speak them aloud. Be on the lookout for phrases that might trip you up or leave you tongue-tied. Practice your speech in front of another person or small group of people: ask them if what you’re saying–from the ideas to which you’re trying to get across to your phrasing, tone and style–make sense to them.
Non-Verbal Communication: Your Body LanguageYour non-verbal communication is equally as important as the words you have to say. Your body stance and posture and your eye contact (or lack thereof) can be crucial in making yourself relatable to your audience. You’ll want to keep an assertive body posture: stand up straight and maintain eye contact when you can (if you’re not reading from prepared remarks). Be mindful of gesture: don’t overdo it, but don’t stand there rigidly, either. Gesture and movement build visual interest for your audience.
If you’re able to get out from behind a podium or lectern, do so.Source: https://www.boundless.com/communications/introduction-to-public-speaking/elements-of-speech-communication/presentation/CC-BY-SABoundless is an openly licensed educational resource Situational and Environmental ContextIt is important to understand the environmental and situational contexts in which you are giving a speech.
Just as you consider your audience when crafting your speech, you’ll also want to consider the context in which your speech will be given. While context certainly includes your audience, it also encompasses many other factors that are important for you to consider as you craft your speech (Figure 1.15 ).Consider for a moment when you hear just the tail end of a conversation in passing. It doesn’t always make much sense. What you’re missing, in this instance, is the context of that conversation. And just as you need it to understand the conversation you just missed, both you and your audience need to be on the same page about the context of your speech.Situational context refers to actual reason for why you’re speaking or presenting. If you’re campaigning for office, you might deliver what’s called a “stump speech” – a speech you repeat over and over on the campaign trail that gets at the main talking points and promises of your campaign. If you’re at a funeral, you may be asked to deliver a eulogy.
On a lighter note, you might be at your best friend’s wedding and asked to give one of the first toasts.The manner in which you deliver your speech, from the words you say to how you say them, relies on the situational context. You wouldn’t read a eulogy at a wedding or a stump speech at your best friend’s wedding, would you?Environmental context refers to the physical space in which you’re speaking. Whether you’re in a classroom presenting the findings from a lab report or in a stadium that seats thousands, environmental context can influence both your message and delivery. Environmental context can affect the degree to which the audience feels they can connect with you. You may need to work harder to build individual connections with your audience members the larger the audience you have.
The key then, to understanding your context is to develop a habit of situational awareness. Situational awareness refers to one’s perception of their environment and situation around them on a moment by moment basis. In being situationally aware, you can anticipate changes to your environment. In this way, you’re always thinking just one step ahead in any given situation or environment, and can be able to adapt accordingly. Cultivating this skill (and it does take time and a keen awareness of your surroundings) is especially helpful when your context may shift or change in subtle or major ways, or in an instant.Source: https://www.boundless.com/communications/introduction-to-public-speaking/elements-of-speech-communication/situational-and-environmental-context/CC-BY-SABoundless is an openly licensed educational resource Cultural and Gender ContextUnderstanding the cultural and gender context of your speech is vital to making a connection with your audience. When it comes to context, both culture and gender play key roles not only in how you perceive your audience, but in how your audience perceives you (Figure 1.16).Understanding GenderWhen we think of gender, we often think of male or female; that’s only half of understanding gender. The denotations of male and female actually refer to biological and physiological sex. Gender is a sociological construct of values, ideals, and behaviors about what it means to be either male or female, and are often regarded in terms of masculine or feminine, respectively. Many people use sex and gender interchangeably, but one does not have to be male to identify as masculine, and vice versa. Understanding CultureIn the example above, we have both a biological, physical characteristic (sex) with a superimposed cultural construct (gender).
The same applies to both race and culture, respectively. Race refers to groups of people who are distinguished by shared physical characteristics, such as skin color and hair type. Culture refers to the customs, habits, and value systems of groups of people. People of the same race may not share the same culture; similarly, a culture isn’t necessarily comprised of people of the same race. How Gender and Culture Can Impact Public SpeakingWhen considering both gendered and cultural contexts, we often encounter bias, both intentional and unintentional, and implicit or explicit. We may have presumptive judgments or opinions about those cultures and races that differ from our own, often the result of our own cultural and gendered upbringings. And as much as you might be biased towards or against certain gender and cultural groups, your audience will have just as much bias as you, and in different ways.
As such, it’s radically important to know exactly to whom you’re speaking when giving your speech. It’s helpful for you to anticipate not only the biases you might bring to the podium, but those biases of your audience towards you as well.
META TAG (title): KEY POINTS
• Speech communication, in its simplest form, consists of a sender, a message and a recipient. The speaker and sender are synonymous.• The speaker is the initiator of communication.• Effective speakers are those who can most clearly delivery their message to their recipients.META TAG (title): KEY POINTS
• With regard to public speaking, your speech is your message.• Your audience, the receiver, may send you a message in response to your message in the form of feedback.• Messages consist of both verbal and non-verbal elements. Your words and how you deliver them equally make up the balance of your message.META TAG (title): KEY POINTS
• In a face-to-face setting, the channel will be primarily audio and visual; in a speaking situation with remote audience via videoconferencing, the channel will be computer mediated audio and visual.• When the speaker and the audience are in the same room at the same time, the channels of communication are synchronous.• When listeners receive the speech at some time after the speech was delivered, the channels are asynchronous (that is, in delayed time).META TAG (title): KEY POINTS
• “Who is my audience?” is the first question you should ask yourself before you begin crafting your speech.• Your audience may share commonalities and characteristics known as demographics. You should never stereotype or generalize your audience by their demographics, but you can use them to inform the language, context, and delivery of your speech.• Audience demographics to consider include age, culture, race, gender, education, occupation, values, and morals.META TAG (title): KEY POINTS
• An advanced model of communication includes a sender, a message, a receiver, a channel and feedback. Feedback represents a message of response sent by the receiver back to the sender.• Feedback happens in realtime as your audience provides you with visual and verbal cues in response to your speech.• If feedback indicates that your message hasn’t been received as intended, you may need to correct course in the moment to make that connection with your audience.META TAG (title): KEY POINTS
• Noise exists in all aspects of communication, thus, no message is received exactly as the sender intends (despite his or her best efforts) because of the ever-presence of noise in communication.• Noise can be both external and internal. External noise often relates to your physical environment, such as a noisy room. Internal noise is how you prevent yourself from effectively delivering your message, often in the form of self-doubt and anxiety.• To combat external noise, speak louder or see if you can be amplified in some way. Alternatively, see if the source of the noise can be stopped or lowered.• To triumph over internal noise, take a few deep breaths before speaking. Breathe out all of the negative self-doubt and anxieties you may have about speaking. Inhale confidence. You can do this!META TAG (title): KEY POINTS
• Remember to “dress to impress”–when in doubt, go for business professional. It’s better to be overdressed for a speech or presentation than underdressed.• Your verbal communication, in how you phrase and intone your actual words, is vital to building auditory interest for your audience. Try to play with the pitch and tone of your speech; avoid speaking in monotone.• From gesture to posture, your non-verbal communication via your body language also adds visual depth and engagement for your audience. Maintain eye contact. Don’t wander around stage or gesticulate too much. Make your audience feel comfortable by being comfortable in front of them.META TAG (title): KEY POINTS• Without context, your audience may not understand your message. Conversely, you might not understand your audience.• Situational context refers to the reason why you’re speaking.
Think of situational context as the event itself.• Environmental context refers to the physical space and time in which you speak. Think of environmental context as the time and venue of the event.• The key to understanding your context is to cultivate a habit of situational awareness. It’s not something you’ll learn overnight, but by being keenly aware of your surroundings, you’ll learn to always think one step ahead should context change suddenly when speaking.META TAG (title): KEY POINTS
• Gender and culture are societal constructs of sex and (sometimes, but not always) race, respectively.• People who identify as one sex (i.e., female) may not necessarily associate with the corresponding gender traits (i.e., feminine). The same is true of race and culture, respectively.• Both gender and culture come with their own set of biases: bias that you may have toward differing genders and cultures, and the biases that differing genders and cultures may have towards you.META TAG (title): META TAG (title): SpeakerMessage ChannelAudienceFeedback: Visual and Verbal CuesNoise and InterferencePresentationSituational and Environmental ContextCultural and Gender ContextMETA TAG (title): Section 2META TAG (title): Elements of Speech CommunicationMETA TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): SpeakerMessage ChannelAudienceFeedback: Visual and Verbal CuesNoise and InterferencePresentationSituational and Environmental ContextCultural and Gender ContextMETA TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): Section 2Elements of Speech CommunicationMETA TAG (title): 20META TAG (title): https://www.boundless.com/communications/introduction-to-public-speaking/elements-of-speech-communication/META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 21META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): Quite simply, if you’re delivering your speech: that’s you!META TAG (title): Figure 1.7 The SpeakerMETA TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 22META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): What is the message you’re trying to get across to your audience?META TAG (title): Figure 1.8 The MessageMETA TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 23META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 24META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): The speaker uses a channel to transmit the message to the audience.META TAG (title): Figure 1.9 Communication Channel ModelMETA TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 25META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): The channel in the middle links the speaker with the receiver of the message.META TAG (title): Figure 1.10 Shannon Weaver Communication ModelMETA TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 26META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): Your audience is the most important element of your speech. They are the ones listening to you, after all!META TAG (title): Figure 1.11 AudienceMETA TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 27META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 28META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): You audience may give you visual, non-verbal cues that signal how they may be receiving your message.META TAG (title): Figure 1.12 FeedbackMETA TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 29META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 30META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): Noise and interference can distort the meaning and delivery of your message.META TAG (title): Figure 1.13 NoiseMETA TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 31META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 32META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): How your message comes across is just as important as the message itself.META TAG (title): Figure 1.14 PresentationMETA TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 33META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 34META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): The environmental and situational contexts in which you give a speech, like in so many situations in life, is key.META TAG (title): Figure 1.15 Situational and environmental contextMETA TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 35META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): 36META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): META TAG (title): Pay attention to the unique dynamic and interplay of your gender and cultural identity in relation to the cultural and gender identities of your audience members, as they invariably influence one another.META TAG (title): Figure 1.16 Cultural & Gender ContextMETA TAG (title):
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Evolution Of Beak
How difficult it is to be simple.
(Obama)The beak of a bird has been said to of developed from the dinosaur skull. The bones premaxilla,maxilla, dentary were all located in the head region of dinosaurs.
Although, this development can be connected to evolution generally this has been accepted. The selective pressure has led to evolution, but not of the beak.
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Evolution Of Beak
How difficult it is to be simple
(Obama).The beak of a bird has been said to of developed from the dinosaur skull. The bones premaxilla,maxilla, dentary were all located in the head region of dinosaurs.
Although, this development can be connected to evolution generally this has been accepted. The selective pressure has led to evolution, but not of the beak.
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